Fruechte Gravity Theory Blog

With the Fermilab Tevatron shutting down this month, I wonder if its magnets could be used for a space debris vacuum.  The problem pops up in the news periodically, and did again today: 

http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/story/2011-08-31/Solutions-sought-for-growing-space-junk-problem/50207662/1

Whether we are looking at nuclear fission or the results of scattering experiments, the way spin-parity assignments are often kept in order in nature would be similar to the cause of a de Broglie wavelength.  Rotational states ratchet through the gravitational flux, with potential wells rising and falling in one of the most fundamental of quantum phenomenons that exist.

During and shortly after high flux, high velocity hadron collisions at Fermilab or the CERN LHC nevertheless, some of the scattering resonances seen may be due to a blitz through the gravitational field, not organized very well in a manner, for example, such as an electric field.  The static we typically see in Goldhaber plots generated from hadron colliding experiments may in part be due to a cascade of momentum generated through the gravitational field.

Another evidence of the gravitational field is the Bohm-Aharonov effect.  As Ryder puts it, “the Bohm-Aharonov effect owes its existence to the non-trivial topology of the vacuum, and the fact that electrodynamics is a gauge theory.  In fact, it has recently been realized that the vacuum, in gauge theories, has a rich mathematical structure, with associated physical consequences,” ([1], pg 101).

Astronomically, and for the sake of history, it is somewhat reminiscent of the luminiferous aether.

Another concept related here is that “the configuration space of the vacuum is not simply connected.” ([1], pg 102)  When we speak of ‘one loop’ consequences, we can liken it to the Cauchy integral, which Greiner calls “The surprising statement of the integral formula (4.16), namely, that it is sufficient to know a function along a closed path to determine any function value in the interior,” ([2], pg 109).  For those more willing to trust the mathematicians for pure math, the Cauchy integral formula is presented in Brown and Churchill:

f(z) = (1/2πi) ∫ (1/(s-z)) f(s) ds                     ([3], pgs 166 and 429)

With “the gauge invariance of electrodynamics” ([1], pg 97), the perfect balance of charge that exists in the near universe, – possibly the entire universe, and the quantum steps of the Coulomb force by phonon transmission, the Bohm-Aharonov effect does indeed show us that there are physical consequences to the vacuum that are non-trivial, relating to the gravitational field in which the Bohm-Aharonov test and other tests are set up and run.

As a final thought, it is probable that planar electromagnetic waves would not turn into spherical electromagnetic waves were it not for traveling through a gravitational field.

[1] Ryder, Lewis H., Quantum Field Theory, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1996

[2] Greiner, Walter, Classical Electrodynamics, First German edition, Klassische Elektrodynamik, 1991 Verlag Harri Deutsch. 1998 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

[3] Brown, James Ward and Churchill, Ruel V., Complex Variables and Applications, Eighth Edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2009

Internal conversion is likely due to a missed spin flip signal from the nucleus, when one or more currents internal to the nucleus are disrupted at an inappropriate time.  One of the places a description is found is in Krane section 10.6.

Looking to the same book, and while it refers to the complete spin-orbit interaction, and not just spin flips, a useful quote here is “the nucleus produces a current loop, which gives rise to a magnetic field at the location of the electron; this magnetic field interacts with the spin magnetic moment µ_s of the electron …” *.  When it comes to internal conversion then, synchronous timing of a spin flip signal is critical to holding an electron in a quantum orbital, and loss of the signal due to nucleus disruption can allow the electron to take off on a short or long trip to an atmospheric atom, to another planet, to the Andromeda Galaxy, or to be captured in a Van Allen Belt just for a few possibilities.

The higher the principle quantum number, the higher the kinetic energy an electron will have in this process as it takes off.

* Krane, Kenneth, Introductory Nuclear Physics, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1988, Chapter 16, pg 611

In a Scientific American article about the electron, the perspective from the piece seems to maintain the electron as ”an infinitesimally small point of charge”, and says “it actually drags a cloud of virtual particles around. These fleeting particles pop in and out of existence, and contribute to the electron’s mass and volume.” *

For calculation purposes in quantum mechanics, the electron is sometimes thought of as dimensionless, nevertheless this cloud of virtual particles, popping in and out of existence, can be visualized as conjugate wave gravitons, which do indeed contribute to mass and volume of not only electrons, but also of protons and neutrons.

The research seems to indicate then that a free electron may be a perfect electric monopole.

* http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=electron-perfectly-round-to-one-part-in-million-billion-experiment-finds

It occurred to me only today, while studying from Kenneth Krane’s Introductory Nuclear Physics, that it would take pulsed magnetic fields to focus gravitons on space debris or an enemy satellite.  The way magnetic field lines fan out from a pole of a dipole magnet would make the concept otherwise unworkable.  Since protons in the CERN LHC travel very close to the speed of light, that part of the technology would already be available.  There is no cross product in this case, apart from creating the magnetic field pulses.  As far as aiming and tracking accurately and effectively from the ground, one in my position can only guess that this technology is available also.

For an electron in an atomic orbital the magnetic part of the Lorentz force [1], F = q[E + (v x B)], deflects the electron’s path so that the electron cannot head directly toward the nucleus.  Magnetic fields produced by the nucleus essentially fight off the electron’s direct path which is due to the electrostatic part of the force.  This is one of the aids in assuring that atomic collapse does not occur.  In the vicinity of an electron orbital turn where gravitons are emitted from an electron, a planar electron arc can be assumed [2], however this is only in the tangential limit relatively far from the nucleus and there are no complete arcs in electron orbitals that are geometrically planar. 

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_force

[2] http://www.fruechtetheory.com/blog/2008/07/20/spread-of-a-fermion-wave-function/

Any middle school student in the free world with a true interest in science, and proper resources to learn, has noticed from diagrams in books or on the web, or with iron filings on a piece of paper with a magnet beneath, that magnetic field lines have curvature.  A local electric field between and surrounding two point charges also has curvature in the near space, except for on a line pointing directly away from the other charge.  Dr. Schombert gives us a good diagram of this on the web. [1]

The lines of a gravitational field, on the other hand, have no curvature in any instance, and “the gravitational force is entirely radial”. ([2], pg 616)  So, what is going on here?

Earlier it was mentioned that the Coulomb force may transmit “through the gravitational field in wave packets at group velocity, by phase shift and chirality” [3].  This could otherwise be stated as by phase shift and parity and, as physicists know, group velocity can be faster than the speed of light.

To extend on this concept and compare then, if a rotational component is developed in a free graviton, it is due only to Coulomb field production, and though free gravitons always travel in a straight line, neglecting lensing, when there are no charges present the rotational component of a free graviton would be zero. 

[1] http://abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec04.html

[2] Kline, Morris, Calculus, An Intuitive and Physical Approach, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1967, 1977; Dover (1998) unabridged republication.

[3] http://www.fruechtetheory.com/blog/2010/06/15/muonic-states/

After seven years of study, five involving gravity, and pretty much getting ostracized by the physics community in 2010, I have started to ramp down my math and physics study time.  Helping students is still a fairly common occurrence and I am hoping this, with the engineering also, will be enough to keep me sharp.

One thing that I may not get to in the near future then is the concept of the Coulomb force by phonon transmission through a gravitational field, similar to phonon transmission in a crystal.  It was alluded to earlier with the phrase “shouldering through the gravitons in a highly relativistic sense” *, and the mathematics, I suppose, would utilize that already existing within quantum mechanics relating to phonon transmission.

In areas of deep space where the gravitational field is very weak, the Coulomb force may not transmit effectively.  Nevertheless, it is irrelevant because protons and electrons cannot exist without enough gravitational pressure. 

* http://www.fruechtetheory.com/blog/2009/03/15/electric-charges/

When a PhD researcher in Finland found in the early 1990’s that a gravitational field is altered by a strong magnetic field, he lost his job and sort of went into hiding, – no mathematical proof that gravity is electromagnetic at the time.  On this web site is mathematical proof, and I did not know about the Finland experiment until around January 2006.

It happened again; a Greek letter did not come through properly.  In “Subatomic Particle Structure” it was the letter nu.  I try to be very careful when copying referenced formulas into the blog, and the character was not a mistake, just a software incompatibility.  Sorry.