Aug
20
2008
Many physics experiments on earth are set up horizontal to the earth’s surface, so the preferred z axis in quantum mechanics is the same axis as the direction of a flood of gravitons coming out of the earth. It is certainly not the only direction gravitons are traveling, just the dominant direction and the direction of a vector summation.
Most measurements of the de Broglie wavelength, I presume, are also measured horizontally, as matter with velocity weaves through the gravitons. This brings us to the question of whether or not the de Broglie wavelength is dependent upon the strength of the gravitational field, and if so, what in the formula for this wavelength, λ = h/mv, is allowed to vary? If it is the mass, then transporting a particle to a weaker gravitational field will result in it measuring less in mass, and longer in wavelength for a given velocity, neglecting the relativistic effect.
In an area of space where the gravitational field is much weaker than the levels that we know of in our solar system, the concept of mass may have less relevance. A neutron star in such an area may not have mass as we know it and the de Broglie wavelength may not have as much meaning.
Values that would not change anywhere in the universe are Planck’s constant and the speed of light in a vacuum. The energy of a photon, which has no mass, would then of course remain as Planck’s constant times its frequency, anywhere in the universe.
Aug
07
2008
A P orbital is closer on average to the nucleus than an S orbital for a given atom, and the electron has additional curvature as it arcs in an attractive Coulomb field. A hydrogen electron in an S orbital therefore absorbs more gravitons in a single arc than the same electron when in a P orbital, both because it is on an arc of less curvature and because the arc is longer in distance than in the P orbital.
As an electron in an atomic orbital passes its closest to the nucleus it continues to exist in a graviton absorption mode and, if traveling toward a gravitational source, continues to increase in mass, magnetic dipole moment, and charge until it comes time to make a turn. This is likely the reason why Willis Lamb found in 1951 a greater energy in the 2S1/2 orbital compared to the 2P1/2 orbital.* The electron in the 2S1/2 orbital would be slightly larger in diameter on average and carry a slightly more negative charge on average compared to the electron in a 2P1/2 orbital.
It may be that the Coulomb force within an atom is not photon mediated as originally thought, but rather due only to magnetic field vectors which could not be produced continually without the nucleus and orbiting electrons absorbing gravitons.
* http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/quantum/Lamb.html
Aug
01
2008
When the frequency of a transverse magnetic field is twice the Larmor precessional frequency of an electron in a constant ‘z-axis’ magnetic field, the electron undergoes a resonant spin-flip behavior. If, on the other hand, the transverse magnetic field occurs only long enough to produce one flip, the electron will reverse intrinsic spin orientation just once in a localized process.
In Hydrogen, a quantum angular step of the single proton nucleus may be the first action in the process of making an electron turn and start off on a new trajectory. In larger atoms, Oxygen for example, it may be each alpha unit in the nucleus that is controlling the initiation of turns of two electrons. It is important to note however that it is not likely the same alpha unit/electron combination in the initiation of turns over time, nor would it be required that the same two protons and two neutrons stay together over time as representing a definitive alpha unit in the nucleus.
The activity and equations of the wave functions inside the alpha unit, – and without as the whole nucleus must stay together, would produce not only the central Coulomb potential, but also transverse magnetic field pulses necessary to initiate electron turns. This synchronized action would give further reason for the energy of a graviton to be linked to an integer ratio of the mass energy of the proton. As it is, the energy of a graviton is precisely one third the mass equivalent energy of the proton.
Using the Schrödinger picture, wavefunctions are varying and operators are constant. The graviton can be viewed as a momentum operator.